In the Time of the Butterflies Analysis Free Essays

Analysis of Alvarez’s In the Time of the Butterflies In the Time of the Butterflies, written by Julia Alvarez, is the story of four sisters who take an emotional journey while becoming a symbol of hope in the corrupt Dominican Republic, as they seek to make a political revolution. Throughout the story, we dig deeper into each sister’s life and learn more about her individual traits. In the book, Alvarez makes the Mirabal sisters come alive throughout the book with her use of foreshadowing, detailed characterization, and selection of detail. We will write a custom essay sample on In the Time of the Butterflies Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now The more the reader journeys farther into the book, the more the aforementioned devices become of importance Throughout In the Time of the Butterflies Alvarez does an impressive job using selection of detail to create a strong mental image of the characters and setting for the reader. In the opening lines of Chapter One Dede describes the area of where she lives as the interview woman is coming over soon when she says, â€Å"The woman will never find the old house behind the edge of towering hibiscus at the bend of the dirt road† (3). By using visual imagery Alvarez gives a clear description of where the Mirabal sisters reside. The sisters live in the foothills of the tobacco fields, a very unpopulated area, which is hard to find as no street signs exist in the country. On the way home from Trujillo’s residence after the disastrous skit put on by the sisters Alvarez writes,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"As the road darkened, the beams of our headlights filled with hundreds of blinded moths. Where they hit the windshield, they left blurry marks, until it seemed like I was looking at the world through a curtain of tears† (29). Alvarez compares the blurry marks to a curtain of tears, giving the reader a sense of the somber mood in the car. Alvarez tells of the dismal mood because the sisters had let Sor Asuncion down, she was not happy they didn’t act as the ornaments of the nation as they were supposed to. Sor Asuncion was telling Patria to pray to the Virgencita for guidance in her future involving the church when Patria says, â€Å"And I prayed with her, a Hail Mary and an Our Father, and I tried hard but I could not keep my eyes from straying to the flame trees, their blossoms tumbling in the wind of the coming storm. (47). By using great detail the reader can almost imagine the flame trees swaying before them with their blossoms turning in front of their own eyes. The quote brings Patria’s character alive as well, giving the reader a look into one the key aspects of her life, religion. Selection of detail is just one of three literary devices used In the Time of the Butterflies that make s it an exciting book; it compels the reader to continue reading as the characters and scenery comes to life. Alvarez consistently uses the device of foreshadowing to drop subtle hints of what is to come later in the book. Dede was helping her father up the stairs after he had discussed their possible futures with them on a clear moonlit night, when Alvarez writes, â€Å"She realizes that her future is the only future he really told† (10). Referring to Dede, a possible storyline that is constant throughout the book is revealed by her father; she will be the only sister of the four to survive the revolution. Dede gives the interview women a quick tour of the house, and when walking down the hallway Alvarez describes it, â€Å"There are three pictures of the girls, old favorites that are now emblazoned on the posters every November, making these once intimate snapshots seem too famous to be the sisters she knew† (5). The same storyline is mentioned in the quote; three of the sisters have a picture on the wall, but Dede does not because she’s the only one still alive. With the sisters having pictures of them on the walls that were considered â€Å"old favorites† it foreshadows their deaths at the end of the book. Chapter four begins with Patria describing her childhood from the day she was born , â€Å"Even being born, I was coming out, hands first, as if reaching up for something† (44). This quote foreshadows Patria’s loving character that the reader discovers later in the book. Patria loves automatically and is naturally generous which is later shown with her early commitment in life to the church. In In the Time of the Butterflies foreshadowing lays the foundation for the rest of the book, which is vital for the reader to grasp. Alvarez uses detailed characterization to give the reader a clear idea of the characters personality as well as their physical appearance. Minerva begins chapter two by comparing herself, â€Å"Sometimes, watching the rabbits in their pens, I’d think, I’m no different from you, poor things† (11). She compares herself to a rabbit stuck in their pen; Minerva is living at home with her parents and cannot find a way to get out from their grasp. Alvarez gives a look into Minerva’s life being one of â€Å"Papa’s little girls† as well as being the second youngest of the four sisters, a tough situation to leave. In one of Mate’s earliest diary entries we get a look into her young mind, Mate writes, â€Å"I had such a time deciding between the patent leather and white leather for church today. I finally settled for the white pair as Mama picked those out for my first Communion, and I wanted her to feel that they were still my favorites† (36). This quote shows us how Mate is not yet involved in the complexities of the revolution and is more worried about what clothes she’s wearing, giving the reader insight into another sisters character. Before the volleyball game at Tio Pepe’s where Dede was looking to impress Lio, Alvarez writes, â€Å"She knows she looks especially good in her flowered shirtwaist and white sandal heals† (70). Referring to Dede, the quote reveals her self interest into her beauty, and her lack of interest in the revolution compared to her other three sisters. Detailed characterization helps give the reader a sense of what each sister is like, and helps them put the story of the Mirabal sisters into place. Alvarez uses the device of foreshadowing brilliantly to develop the plot that will come about later in the story. Alvarez utilizes detailed characterization to allow the reader to personalize the characters and distinguish the differences between the qualities of the four sisters. She uses selection of detail to describe characters, setting, and scenes throughout the book, thus allowing the reader to create a mental image of situations at hand. When putting the three literary devices together, it makes In the Time of the Butterflies a fascinating book that the reader doesn’t want to put down. Alvarez does a splendid job of using literary devices including foreshadowing, selection of detail, and detailed characterization to make the heroic story of the Mirabel sisters come alive. How to cite In the Time of the Butterflies Analysis, Essay examples

Leadership In The Evolution Of Social Norm - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Leadership In The Evolution Of Social Norm. Answer: Leadership is something that a person may not be born with but learn at the time. Leaders are the people who know their way, walk on that and motivate others to step on that path. Leadership comes from the attitude of the person to deal with the situation. This essay will discuss the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. The essay will focus on leadership concept which Mahatma Gandhi has followed. This essay will illustrate the ethics; psychology related to Gandhi leadership. The essay will able to state the effect of leadership in the society. Mahatma Gandhi is known universally as the man of moral ethics and spiritual belief. He believed in the conduct of truth and non-violence. He is an example of a man that can make a difference and gave the message that strength does not come from physical being but an invincible will. The interior quality of his leadership style was his natural evolution through intense interaction with the public at the events. The ethics which he followed in his leadership were non- violence to fight with the injustice and exploitation (Rao 2015). He believed in the concept of Ahimsa which is associated with the compassion, tolerance, exploitation and forgiveness. The leadership ethics of Gandhi include a Right end with right mean, true religion, Yajna (Service and Sacrifice), Satyagraha and the deed, not the doer (Northouse 2015). The belief of Gandhi comprises of all the ethical traits of leadership like the motive to serve others, dignity and respect, Honesty and community building. The evolution of Gandhi as a leader began during his studies in South Africa. During his studies in South Africa, he supported the locals Indian communities for their civil rights. There are various stories related his evolution as the leader like during a session in the court; judge asked me to remove his turban to which he refused. There is a story that during his travel in train at Pietermaritzburg, he was asked to move to third class except having the ticket of the first class (Khera and Malik 2015). This refers to the Great man theory that leaders are born to lead, and in the situation of crisis these mean come forward and take their original palace. Gandhi has played an essential role in the Independence of India and carried a large number of movements from 1930 to 1940s. Gandhi became the leader of the INC (Indian National Congress) and supported the party in the in the freedom struggle. During this time he travelled to different parts of India and carried various moments like Champaran Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience movement. The multicultural leadership is acquired by giving respect to all religion around the world. Gandhi believes in the concept of Sarva Dharma Samabhava which means equal respect to all religion. Gandhi accumulated people of all religion during the time of independence. Gandhi believes in the concept of building bridges across the people of different linguistic and religious sentiments (Rich 2017). During his stay in England, he associated with theosophists and studied different scriptures of a different faith. The theory which he holds for religion illustrates that Religion is something having different roads meeting at the same point. This line can help us to understand his multicultural approach to the society (Rich 2017). Mahatma Gandhi has known well in some Western countries apart from the Asian countries. Leadership style which Mahatma Gandhi followed is a transformational leader. The transformational leader is the person who is inspirational, charismatic role model and trustworthy. Gandhi always used to explain things to the follower with an example. He used to relate himself to the life of the poor being himself from a wealthy family. Gandhi has a strong sense of vision of Independent India which guided him to process in making changes. Gandhi speech uses to make people feel powerful and confident to fight against injustice. Gandhi has the power to influence the people to believe in themselves and bring the change in the nation (Acemoglu and Jackson 2014). The leadership theories on which Gandhi believes were a win-win theory as his actions were marked by Patience, and belief in the truth. Gandhi has passive views on the acts of independence as he believed in the engagement of the people for their freedom. Gandhi leadership focuses on the spiritual, servant and ethical leadership. T he theories of the Gandhi focus on altruism, honesty, empathy, gratitude, humility, courage and fairness. The psychological factors which have helped Gandhi to develop as a leader are his spiritual belief. Gandhi was profoundly influenced by Bhagavad Gita. Gandhi thinking was profoundly influenced by the Jain philosophy of Anekantavada, which states there is one truth, constructed differently by wise men. Leadership traits of Gandhi involved mainly two factors Satya- that means honesty and Ahimsa which means non-violence (Pfstl 2016). The theory of Satya is associated with the psychological concept Psychoanalytic theory. Gandhi has given some statement which states his idea which he has for the society - if you want to see the change then you have to be the reason for change. Gandhi was able to understand the psychology of the people at the time of the independence, and for that he formulated strategy to mobilize the people and fight against the imperialism. Gandhi was one of the prominent leaders of the 20th century, and his leadership traits explain his habits of not tolerating any violence. Gandhi has played an important role in the independence of India. His leadership is known to people all around the world, and the concept of Ahimsa and Satya had influence people to follow the right path. This has helped him to become a successful leader with a different viewpoint. Reference Acemoglu, D. and Jackson, M.O., 2014. History, expectations, and leadership in the evolution of social norms.The Review of Economic Studies,82(2), pp.423-456. Khera, S.N. and Malik, S., 2015. Book Review: Keshavan Nair, Higher Standard of LeadershipLessons from the Life of Gandhi. Klausen, J.C., 2014. Economies of violence: the Bhagavadg?t? and the fostering of life in Gandhi's and Ghose's anticolonial theories.American Political Science Review,108(1), pp.182-195. Northouse, P.G., 2015.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Pfstl, E. ed., 2016.Between Ethics and Politics: New Essays on Gandhi. Routledge. Rao, A., 2015. Leela Gandhi. The Common Cause: Postcolonial Ethics and the Practice of Democracy, 19001955. Rich, G.J., 2017. 16 The impact of early multicultural experience on later creative leadership.Leadership and Change Management: A Cross-Cultural Perspective, p.120. Van Dessel, P., Ye, Y. and De Houwer, J., 2018. Changing deep-rooted implicit evaluation in the blink of an eye: Negative verbal information shifts automatic liking of Gandhi.Social Psychological and Personality Science.

Analysis Of Confederation Of Tourism And Hospitality Tourism Essay Example

Analysis Of Confederation Of Tourism And Hospitality Tourism Essay Example Analysis Of Confederation Of Tourism And Hospitality Tourism Essay Analysis Of Confederation Of Tourism And Hospitality Tourism Essay This is a study on the issues and accidents that a traveller can confront while on circuit. With the current universe state of affairs the hazard of going is at its highs due to terrorist act. So the accidents that can happen is more, along with this is aligned to buccaneering, so with these effects going is decidedly at a hazard or faces many accidents. Due to this factor many accidents can be managed and minimized during a circuit through reading and information that is available and besides with the benefits of insurance. This besides gives a wide over expression on the circuit operator, The advantage and the disadvantage of holding a circuit operator. Undertaking 1 Major accident and incident as identified ( Based on state of affairss ) A circuit operator is a individual who combines circuit and travel constituents to make a vacation experiences fro tourer or even locals. Therefore the most common illustration of a circuit operator s merchandise would be a flight to a finish and so transit from airdrome to hotel ; this may be by rail, coach or auto and even transit for sight visual perception and so on. Tour operators still exercise undertaking power with providers: air hoses, hotels, land transit agents, sail so forth and besides influence over other entities such as tourer board and authorities governments, In order to make bundles and particular goings for finishs otherwise hard to see. In forming Tourss both the circuit operator and the rider might confront accidents and there are many such reported instances from the past how tourer faced accidents and therefore the load had to be borne by the circuit operator, but this does nt go on to each and every tourer, unhappily a really little figure is reported. Sadly for an highly little per centum of tourer accidents and unwellnesss can strike while going or on circuits, So good attention has to be taken both by the circuit operator and the tourer. Some of the accidents a tourer or a group can meet: Driving abroad. Food and drinks Tropical cyclones Terrorism River and sea, buccaneering Robberies The undermentioned web site portions a narrative of an accident the tourer had to meet while on circuit. It is of import to maintain in head that some tourer can travel into legal footings even with the little accident. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.articlealley.com/article_973138_18.html More than transit accidents there are many other ways and means that tourer could acquire attacked or face an accident. For illustration as spring in the account I shall take the UAE state. As it is a known fact that this state has a high menace from terrorist act, which terrorist may be after to transport out tacks? Such onslaughts could be indiscriminate and could go on at any clip, including in topographic points frequented by exiles and alien travellers. Thus the travel operator should do his tourer knowing to keep a high degree of security consciousness, peculiarly in public topographic points. Besides the travel agent or circuit operator should advice his or her clients non to drive in unknown district, because driving sides, Torahs refering to driving and the district might postpone. Robberies are sometimes armed packs are increasing both at remote sites and urban centres. Several serious robberies have been reported specially on British subjects. Piracy in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean, particularly for transporting which does non take appropriate safeguards or followed agreed transporting industry best pattern guidelines have to confront these state of affairss. One such incident occurred last twelvemonth on the 23rd of October, when two British subjects were taken surety while sailing in the Indian Ocean. Sailing vass are peculiarly vulnerable to assail. Many people suffer from an disquieted tummy or diarrhoea because of something they have eaten or drunk abrod.More earnestly Cholera, enteric fever, and hepatitis can be contacted from contaminated nutrient and H2O. Tropical cyclones are known are distinguishable to go on during a peculiar seen and a peculiar country, so tourer and circuit operators should be knowledge able on such state of affairss and be of service of advice to the tourer. Therefore accidents are inevitable it could go on at any clip but when we are off from familiar location it is the tourer s duty to be careful and minimise the sum off accidents that can happen in a peculiar state of affairs. From the side of the circuit operator he/she should be of service to the tourer, as accidents can be minimized, instead than atoning subsequently on. Methods to be used in prepare the program A travel operator has to take the enterprise in doing the travel program, but he can non do the program harmonizing to his ain concent.He has to confer with the traveller, the reaching states embassy and so the locations and hotels and transit, there upon develop the program. So the circuit operator needs to confer with many before he makes the program. He has a few countries to concentrate on, the following are really of import: Reliable flight The first most of import thing is to assist the tourer obtain a good flight because the flight and its dependability are extremely of import. Besides there are some riders who require high service in the flight. So looking into all these countries the pick of air hose is given to the rider there upon the following measure the operator moves to the following country Check menus So the following measure is the engagement of flight. First the operator will travel through all possible charges. It is a definite fact that if the traveller is a first clip client or a changeless pleasant traveller the air line will seek to acquire them the best available air carnivals. The air carnivals will besides depend on the clip the traveller makes his engagement. So with the blessing of the travel the ticket is obtained to his budget. Booking of Hotels If the client wishes the best rates for adjustment and in house going excessively is done. All this is given to the rider as a bundle. Time All this should be done harmonizing to the clip of the client. The circuit operator can non make it harmonizing to his discretions. The air menu and hotel stay rates should tally within the given travel clip period of the client. Hazard The hazards involve in going should be explained to the client. As mentioned above some of the hazards are ; terrorist act, bad conditions conditions, larceny, and buccaneering. So the travel operator should do the client aware of these and acquire the client to make more research on the country. Security Security is the most of import thing. While going, and on circuit. The circuit operator should advice the client to obtain a good insurance coverage which will cover all countries, when going. Undertaking 2 Plan in managing accident and Emergency While on circuits many things can travel incorrect. It will non be any 1s mistake and ever the incrimination can non be bestowed on the circuit operator. As a tourer we excessively should shoulder responsible and be a responsible tourer. So each tourer before going should obtain travel insurance. Even the best planned holiday can be interrupted by bugs and exigencies. Travel insurance or travel protection is specially designed to turn to the state of affairss and hazards involved in travel ; it provides coverage from the minute a tourer leaves to the minute he or she arrives back place. For illustration, travel insurance can reimburse you for any luggage or points that you may lose during the trip. This is really of import if the traveller is transporting expensive points such as electronics, jewelry or expensive point. A standard medical insurance besides tends to limited to a web country, so without travel insurance a tourer will hold to shoulder the load of paying off the infirmary measure where it might be really expensive in some cases. So travel insurance is perfectly necessary if a traveller is going into an country with high wellness hazards or exigency processs are really high, travel insurance is extremely important. If the tourer plans to take a impulsive holiday travel insurance is necessary, because many car policies will non widen coverage outside the state a individual lives. Travel insurance can besides supply protect against exigencies that are so specific to traveling abroad that they can non be covered by a standard insurance policy. Travel protection programs can besides supply aid services like an exigency hot line and medical transit service, This really valuable when a crisis hits in a foreign state. Critical action in program An action program should back up the chief program at a clip of crisis. Tour crisis does nt happen all the clip, unhappily it happens really mistily but there should be a program to back up at the clip of necessary. Flight hazard In instance a client misses the flight, the circuit operator should be able to set him on the following available flight. At this point excessively the circuit operator should see on the clients clip restrictions. At clip a flight is cancelled adjustment should be provided for the client, particularly when the client is in a foreign district. This is a point that security is assured. Lost luggage/delayed baggage The circuit operator should help and assist follow up when the baggage is losing. Handle the hazard in program The hazard can be categorized into three chief countries. They are as follows: Technical Technical hazard might happen at an unexpected clip, and this is non the mistake of circuit operator. So the client should bear with that status. This can be due to a mishandling of informations, and deficiency of communicating which the path clearance is non done on clip Human Human hazard can be a pilot all of a sudden falling sick so a dorsum up pilot should be ready but non the carbon monoxide pilot to take off. Besides crew or cabin members can acquire delayed to get at air port due to detain of air port conveyance. For all these inevitable hazards a back up program should follow. It is a must to maintain in head that all run on clip General General hazards are weather. Bad conditions conditions ever cancel or delay a flight. Examples: many European flights were cancelled due to the vent in ice land. At this point many flights did non run, and flights were cancelled for many yearss. And the clients or tourer were stranded in air ports. The recent fog in England kept a many a Michigans to most of the air transit in England. It is must to maintain in head that any organisation has to confront hazard. Confronting the hazard suitably is the best manner. The human hazard and proficient hazard can be minimized but non general hazard.So it is a must to maintain in head the hazard that can happen from the organisations point of position should be minimized. As going depends on people s time.Becasuse today people travel for many grounds and non merely on pleasance. Professionals and cons in the program Once the finish is decided, next the client should make up ones mind if he or she needs a circuit operator or whether they are traveling a caput by them egos. The senior travellers who are more dependent take the aid of a circuit operator to be after out their circuit while the others choose to be after their circuit by themselves. The undermentioned points are to be considered when forming a circuit, if to travel a caput with a circuit operator or indivually.So the pros and cons of it shall be encountered. The following are as follows: The countries that semen under the pros or the good are as follows ; Comfort While one enjoys the trip, person else deals the trip for you. The client selects the planned travel program, pays off the travel agent and awaits whiles the trades are processed. The lone thing the traveller has to make is make the finish on clip for the return off. Worry free travel The usher or circuit operator shall be concerned about managing problems with theodolite work stoppages and baggage barriers. Troubles could be rare on agent trips because the travel agent got the travel program earlier and, most likely, has guided the same trip many a times before Social chances Some people want to run into new people and do familiarities while on circuit. Thus the operator will assist the client to place topographic points with the most sums of societal assemblages are and where the client can accomplish his/her end. If they need urban or rural societal garnering the operator will advice them Learning experiences. The circuit operator volitions ever advice on the best acquisition experiences when on circuit and will assist acquire the best larning out semen of the trip. As we have to maintain in head that the circuit operators are good experient people on a certain finish, instead than we go a caput entirely to form our circuit. Monetary value The monetary value with a travel agent differs from entirely engagement, Because the travel agent will ever acquire the best awards of its clients. Besides particular offers are available. As they have a buying power over hotels, air menus, transit and many services. Cons Pre planned trips A tourer will hold many trips to do when he arrives at a finish a portion from the planned 1s. This will decidedly take to a deficiency of ego sadness because the tourer is non free to see countries of his pick. Health Many wellness issues may a rise. Lack of free clip Over programming will take to a deficiency of clip to go to to the tourers own demands and pleasances. Personality struggles Personality struggles may originate at the clip of treatment with circuit operator which might take to unneeded struggles. Schedule issues. For illustration scheduled visits issue may happen if the tourer is really tired he/she might non desire to travel to a peculiar topographic point, but as he or she has paid they are forced to travel. Decision This study gives an out line to the hazard grip by a circuit operator when forming a circuit. There is a huge country about the accidents that can go on to a individual going a wide and how they should maintain or seek to minimise the hazard involved in them. The organisation construction further emphasizes on the size of the circuit operator s capacity of with standing different patronages and besides minimising on the hazard that will be involved.

How to Write in APA Style

How to Write in APA Style On this episode, we discuss how to write and format a paper in APA style, which is most commonly used in scientific writing and social sciences writing in subjects like criminology, anthropology, and psychology.Specifically, we address the following topics:What is APA style?Why do we use APA style?What are the basic formatting rules? For example, it should be written in 12-point font, be double spaced, and have 1-inch margins all around.What are some APA abbreviation rules? For example, do not put periods in between letters of abbreviations unless its a Latin abbreviation or the words U.S. or U.K.How should I use charts and graphs in APA style? For example, text within charts and figures must be Sans Serif and be between 8 to 14-point font in size.What should my title page look like? For example, it should include the papers title, authors name, and institutions name centered and in title case.What is an abstract and what should it look like? For example, the Abstract paragraph is in 12-point font and is double spaced.What should in-text citations look like? For example, in-text citations should include the authors last name followed by the year of publication.How should the references page be formatted? For example, References should be centered at the top, without bold, italics, or underlining.

End of Module assesment work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

End of Module assesment work - Assignment Example One similarity is that both articles are exploring the issues of school pupils and students, together with the problems that they face. One article examines how pupils in mixed secondary schools within the UK together with their teachers experience pupil voice. It problematizes the philosophy of pupil voice, examining the idea of young people being enabled to influence the outcomes of their own education, highlighting the need for them to speak out about issues concerning them. The other article explores the feelings of students towards the literary lessons in an academic year, together with their behavior towards it (Carter-Steel & Al-Hakim 2009). A difference occurs in that while one article is a study of the feelings of several students over a course of time, the other is just an article that examines the experiences of teachers and students about a certain issue, and it does not involve an actual study. The pupil voice article applies visual methods to find out how the pupilsâ₠¬â„¢ voice, discipline, and engagement are carried out within a school, while the primary classroom article applies an actual study of the pupils involved. It uses a typology of the pupils on a basis an analysis of the school policy’s documentation (Fisher 2011). ... The pupil voice article is a study of how secondary school students express their feelings and ideas to their teachers such that they will be heard and understood. It offers advice on how the pupils and students can do this in the best possible way. The primary classroom article on the other hand, explores the perception of the students towards their lessons and the academic year as a whole, providing examples of how they are dissatisfied with the learning process although they comply with the rules and regulations. This is an apparent similarity in scope that is present in the two articles (Fisher 2011). Perhaps the only difference in the scope of the two articles occurs in the study area explored. In the primary classroom article, its study involved only the pupils that are in year six of their primary education. Although it sampled over 100 pupils, it limited its study area to just a certain class year, as opposed to the pupil voice article. The pupil voice article has a wide stud y area that is an urban secondary school for students aged between 11 and 16 years old. This means that unlike the classroom article, it examines students of several class years, not just one, thus it has a wider sampling data (Carter-Steel & Al-Hakim 2009). Similarities and differences in paradigm Paradigm involves a set of forms all of them containing a certain theme. In the two articles, the common theme is the expression of pupils and students’ feelings while they are at school. Both articles explore this theme using several ways or forms, both of which have similarities as well as differences. One similarity in the forms is the use of study techniques and study methods, involving the examination of a certain group of pupils and students. The primary

Legalization of Cannabis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Legalization of Cannabis - Essay Example Of course, all of that enormous market is illegal now; the government doesn't get a cent from this business. Those who use cannabis live under the threat of being caught and accused of drug abuse by the police, but it doesn't stop them from smoking. The doctors now say that cannabis makes less harm than the nicotine does. Thus, it's obvious that marijuana should be legalized, just for to let the government control its use, prevent its abuse, and get the taxes from those who run this business. Cannabis has been used in therapeutic purposes for several centuries already, but during the previous century its use have been strictly limited, as this substance became a subject of misuse and abuse. Since the use of cannabis as a medication was forbidden in the U.S in 1937 the continuous struggle has been led between the supporters and the opponents of using cannabis for treatment of certain conditions. Marijuana, which is another name for this drug, more widespread than the word cannabis is defined as a "preparation made from the dried flower clusters and leaves of the cannabis plant, usually smoked or eaten to induce euphoria." in an entry on the Free Dictionary Website. The authors of this document mention that the ad... as a "preparation made from the dried flower clusters and leaves of the cannabis plant, usually smoked or eaten to induce euphoria." in an entry on the Free Dictionary Website. The Marijuana Legalization Organization gives several reasons for which marijuana should be legalized on their website. Those are: People have a basic right to make choices for themselves as long as their actions do not harm others The government is wasting our time and money by prohibiting marijuana Prohibition is not an effective solution to the problems associated with marijuana use We have learned a lesson from history. Alcohol prohibition did not work, and there is no logical reason to believe that marijuana prohibition is a better idea. The authors of this document menti on that the adult responsible person should be given the right to choose for himself or herself whether to use cannabis or not. Marijuana is not so harmful for health as for to deprive people of the freedom of their choice towards it. It's obvious that lots of those who stand against the legalization of this substance are just misinformed about the effects marijuana has and the consequences of its use. The stereotype has been built during the last two-thirds of the past century that cannabis is something very dangerous and harmful to health, the same as cocaine or heroine is. If we'll recall the characteristic features of stereotyping, we'll find out that the information that supports the existing stereotype is believed willingly by its holders, but the information that overturns it is usually perceived worse and believed much less than the first type of info. The quantity of articles, TV shows and magazine publications that persuade people in the harmfulness of this substance is en ormous, thus this stereotype is  strongly supported.  

The Heritage Of Pakistan

The Heritage Of Pakistan Moen-jo-Daro is situated at a distance of some kilometers from Larkana. A civilization fourished there some 4000 years ago. It was discovered by Sir John Marshall in 1922. Moen-jo-Daro stands as most spectecular of all the excavate cities of the Indus Valley civilizaton. It is strange that at its glory, it was a beautiful city with brick walled houses, pillared halls, markets, baths, lanes, streets and public places. Every house had walls, drains and bathrooms inside it 2. Harappa Harappa is situated in the city of Sahiwal. Scientists and archaeologists believe that Harappa also belongs to the Indus Valley Civilization. Remains of this city were excavated in the 1920. 3. Gandhara It is comparatively a new civilization, the regions comprising Northern Punjab, Peshawar valley and Eastern Afghanistan was known as Gandhara. For a long time it remained the meeting place of various ancient cultures, as it was rule by many rulers. A distinctive art which is known as Gandhara Art took place from here and flourished during the 2nd and 3rd century of Christian era. Thousands monasteries and stupas were widely here Buddhas figures, shapes and monasteries all made prominent features of Gandhara Arts. 4. Buddhist Remains The Buddhist era ushered in some 500 years B.C. The Buddhist monastery Takht-I-Bahi is in N.W.F.P, it dates 2-5 century old. Some mounds were also found near Peshawar which represents Kanishkas mighty Pakistan. An impressive complex of Chapels, Stupas, quadrangles and monks cells are also found. The great Buddhist civilization is now forming the heritage of the present Pakistan Culture. 5. Taxila It was excavated in recent times near Rawalpindi. Taxila is the most popular name in history. It came into prominence during the Persian occupation. At its zenith, the city was the nucleus of religious and cultural activities. 6. Thatta The main town of Thatta is famous for specimens of Indo-Muslim architecture in the Sub Continent. Notable among them is the great mosque built by Shah-Jahan. The principle monuments of Thatta are located on the Makli Hill. 2.3.2 Architectural Heritage 1. Lahore Fort It is also known as the Shahi Qila. It was built by Akbar. The main structures inside the fort are the Moti Masjid, Diwan-e-Aam, Maktab Khana, the Shish Mahal and Nawlakha. The Hathi and Alamgir gates are also remarkable constructions. 2. Badshahi Masjid It was built by Aurangzeb. Its architecture is similar to the Jamia Masjid Delhi. The masjid has been built with red stones while the domes are in marble. 3. Jahangir Tomb This tomb was built by Shah Jahan. It is known as a fine building of Lahore. 4. Shalimar Garden It is situated on the Grand Trunk Road and is a magnificent remnant of Mughal Granduer. The garden constitutes of three terraces, one above the other. Besides there is an elaborate and beautiful reservoir, water channels and fountains. 5. Masjid Wazir Khan It is situated in Kashmir Bazaar inside the walls of the old city. It was built by Nawab Wazir Khan who was a viceroy of Punjab under Shah Jahan. 6. Golden Masjid It is situated near Masjid Wazir Khan. It was built during the rule of Mohammad Shah and it is also a very beautiful piece of architecture. 7. Mahabat Khan Masjid This masjid was built by a Governor of Peshawar, Mahabat Khan, during Shah Jahans reign. It has a fine massive structure with lofty minarets. 8. The Fort of Bala Hasar This fort was built on raised platform 92 feet from the ground level. There are two gardens near the fort. 2.4 Economy of Pakistan The economy of Pakistan is the 27th largest in the world in nominal terms and 47th largest in the world in terms of purchasing power parity. Pakistan has a semi-industrialized economy, which mainly encompasses textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. Growth poles of Pakistans economy are situated along the Indus River; diversified economies of Karachi and Punjabs urban centers coexist with lesser developed areas in other parts of the country. The economy has suffered in the past from decades of internal political disputes, a fast growing population, mixed levels of foreign investment, and a costly, ongoing confrontation with neighboring India. Foreign exchange reserves are bolstered by steady worker remittances, but a growing current account deficit driven by a widening trade gap as import growth outstrips export expansion could draw down reserves and dampen GDP growth in the medium term. Stock market In the first four years of the twenty-first century, Pakistans KSE 100 Index was the best-performing stock market index in the world as declared by the international magazine Business Week. The stock market capitalization of listed companies in Pakistan was valued at $5,937 million in 2005 by the World Bank. But in 2008, after the General Elections, uncertain political environment, rising militancy along western borders of the country, and mounting inflation and current account deficits resulted in the steep decline of the Karachi Stock Exchange. As a result, the corporate sector of Pakistan has declined dramatically in recent times. However the market bounced back strongly in 2009 and the trend continues in 2011. Demographics With a per capita GDP of over $3000 in 2006 compared with $2600 in 2005 in 2005 the World Bank considers Pakistan a medium-income country, it is also recorded as a Medium Development Country on the Human Development Index 2007. Pakistan has a large informal economy, which the government is trying to document and assess. Approximately 56% of adults are literate, and life expectancy is about 64 years. The population, about 168 million in 2007, is growing at about 1.80%. Relatively few resources in the past had been devoted to socio-economic development or infrastructure projects. Inadequate provision of social services, high birth rates and immigration from nearby countries in the past have contributed to a persistence of poverty. An influential recent study concluded that the fertility rate peaked in the 1980s, and has since fallen sharply. Pakistan has a family-income Gini index of 41, close to the world average of 39. Employment The high population growth in the past few decades has ensured that a very large number of young people are now entering the labor market. Even though it is among the seven most populous Asian nations, Pakistan has a lower population density than Bangladesh, Japan, India, and the Philippines. In the past, excessive red tape made firing from jobs, and consequently hiring, difficult. Significant progress in taxation and business reforms has ensured that many firms now are not compelled to operate in the underground economy. In late 2006, the government launched an ambitious nationwide service employment scheme aimed at disbursing almost $2 billion over five years. Mean wages were $0.98 per manhour in 2009.Rate of unemployment is 25%. High inflation and limited wage growth have drawn more women into the workforce to feed their families, in spite of cultural resistance and domestic abuse over the issue. Tourism Tourism in Pakistan has been stated as being the tourism industrys next big thing. Pakistan, with its diverse cultures, people and landscapes has attracted 0.7 million tourists to the country, almost double to that of a decade ago. Pakistans tourism industry was in its heyday during the 1970s when the country received unprecedented amounts of foreign tourists, thanks to the Hippie trail. The main destinations of choice for these tourists were the Khyber Pass, Peshawar, Karachi, Lahore, Swat, Quetta, Gwadar and Rawalpindi. The countrys attraction range from the ruin of civilization such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa and Taxila, to the Himalayan hill stations, which attract those interested in winter sports. Pakistan is home to several mountain peaks over 7000 m, which attracts adventurers and mountaineers from around the world. The north part of Pakistan has many old fortresses, ancient architecture and the Hunza and Chitral valley, home to small pre-Islamic Animist Kalasha community claiming descent from Alexander the Great. The romance of the historic Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is timeless and legendary, Punjab province has the site of Alexanders battle on the Jhelum River and the historic city of Lahore, Pakistans cultural capital, with many examples of Mughal architecture such as Badshahi Masjid, Shalimar Gardens, Tomb of Jahangir and the Lahore Fort. Before the Global economic crisis, Pakistan received more than 500,000 tourists annually. Tourism in Pakistan is still a growing industry. Major attracti ons today include ruins of Indus valley civilization and mountain resorts in the Himalayas. Himalayan and Karakoram Range. 2.5 Currency System in Pakistan Rupee The basic unit of currency is the Rupee, ISO code PKR and abbreviated Rs, which is divided into 100 paisas. Currently the newly printed 5,000 rupee note is the largest denomination in circulation. Recently the SBP has introduced all new design notes of Rs. 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, 1000, and 5000 denomination, while the design work of Rs.10,000 note is in progress which will help the banking industry in keeping few notes in saving accounts. The new notes have been designed using the euro technology and are made in eye-catching bright colours and bold, stylish designs. Dollar-Rupee exchange rate The Pakistani Rupee was pegged to the Pound sterling until 1982, when the government of General Zia-ul-Haq, changed it to managed float. As a result, the rupee devalued by 38.5% between 1982/83 many of the industries built by his predecessor suffered with a huge surge in import costs. After years of appreciation under Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and despite huge increases in foreign aid the Rupee depreciated. Foreign exchange rate The Pakistani rupee depreciated against the US dollar until around the start of the 21st century, when Pakistans large current-account surplus pushed the value of the rupee up versus the dollar. Pakistans central bank then stabilized by lowering interest rates and buying dollars, in order to preserve the countrys export competitiveness. Foreign exchange reserves Pakistan maintains foreign reserves with State Bank of Pakistan. The currency of the reserves was solely US dollar incurring speculated losses after the Dollar prices fell during 2005, forcing the then Governor SBP Ishrat Hussain to step down. In the same year the SBP issued an official statement proclaiming diversification of reserves in currencies including Euro and Yen, withholding ratio of diversification. In October 2007, at the end of Prime Minister Shaukat Azizs tenure, Pakistan raised back its Foreign Reserves to $16.4 billion. Pakistans trade deficit was at $13 billion, exports grew to $18 billion, revenue generation increased to become $13 billion and the country attracted foreign investment of $8.4 billion. However, following the international credit crisis and spikes in crude oil prices Pakistans economy could not withstand the pressure and on October 11, 2008 State Bank of Pakistan reported that countrys foreign exchange reserves had gone down by $571.9 Million to $7749.7 Million. The foreign exchange reserves had declined more by $10 billion to an alarming rate of $6.59 billion. In July 2011, the State Bank of Pakistan reported reserves to hit an all time high of $18.25 billion. 2.6 Foreign Trade Investment Foreign direct investment in Pakistan soared by 180.6 per cent year-on-year to US$2.22 billion and portfolio investment by 276 per cent to $407.4 million during the first nine months of fiscal year 2006, the State Bank of Pakistan reported on April 24. During July-March 2005-06, FDI year-on-year increased to $2.224 billion from only $792.6 million and portfolio investment to $407.4 million, whereas it was $108.1 million in the corresponding period last year, according to the latest statistics released by the State Bank. Pakistan has achieved FDI of almost $8.4 billion in the financial year 06/07, surpassing the government target of $4 billion. Foreign investment had significantly declined by 2010, dropping by 54.6% due to Pakistans political instability and weak law and order, according to the Bank of Pakistan. Pakistan is now the most investment-friendly nation in South Asia. Business regulations have been profoundly overhauled along liberal lines, especially since 1999. Most barriers to the flow of capital and international direct investment have been removed. Foreign investors do not face any restrictions on the inflow of capital, and investment of up to 100% of equity participation is allowed in most sectors. Unlimited remittance of profits, dividends, service fees or capital is now the rule. Business regulations are now among the most liberal in the region. This was confirmed by the World Banks Ease of Doing Business Index report published in September 2009 ranking Pakistan at 85th well ahead of neighbors like China at 89th and India at 133rd. Pakistan is attracting an increasingly large amount of private equity and was the ranked as number 20 in the world based on the amount of private equity entering the nation. Pakistan has been able to attract a large portion of the global private equity investments because of economic reforms initiated in 2003 that have provided foreign investors with greater assurances for the stability of the nation and their ability to repatriate invested funds in the future. Tariffs have been reduced to an average rate of 16%, with a maximum of 25%. The privatization process, which started in the early 1990s, has gained momentum, with most of the banking system privately owned, and the oil sector targeted to be the next big privatization operation. The recent improvements in the economy and the business environment have been recognized by international rating agencies such as Moodys and Standard and Poors. Society Of Pakistan 3.1 Islam Islam is adept by the majority of Pakistanis and governs their personal, political, economic and legal lives, among certain obligations for Muslims are to pray five times a day at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset, and evening, Friday is the Muslim holy day. Everything is closed during the holy month of Ramadan all Muslims must fast from dawn to dusk and are only permitted to work six hours per day. Fasting includes no eating, drinking, cigarette smoking, or gum chewing. 3.2 The Family The extended family is the basis of the social structure and individual identity; It includes the nuclear family, immediate relatives, distant relatives, tribe members, friends, and neighbors, loyalty to the family comes before other social relationships, even business. Nepotism is viewed positively, since it guarantees hiring people who can be trusted, which is crucial in a country where working with people one knows and trusts is of primary importance. The family is more private than in many other cultures. Female relatives are protected from outside influences. It is considered inappropriate to ask questions about a Pakistanis wife or other female relatives. Families are quite large by western standards, often having up to 6 children. 3.3 Hierarchical Society Pakistan is a hierarchical society. People are respected because of their age and position. Older people are viewed as wise and are granted respect. In a social situation, they are served first and their drinks may be poured for them. Elders are introduced first, are provided with the choicest cuts of meat, and in general are treated much like royalty. Pakistanis expect the most senior person, by age or position, to make decisions that are in the best interest of the group. Titles are very important and denote respect. It is expected that you will use a persons title and their surname until invited to use their first name. 3.4 Population density in Pakistan The Population density in Pakistan was last reported at 225.19 in 2010, according to a World Bank report published in 2012. Density of Population is defined as the number of persons per square kilometre. It is an important index of population which shows concentration of population in a particular area. That is, Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. According to present census, Karachi Division is the most densely populated division in Pakistan. Its density of population is more than 2000 persons per square kilometer. Baluchistan province is the largest according to area, but it is thinnest according to population. 3.5 Education Education in Pakistan is divided into five levels: primary which grades one through five; middle which grades six through eight; high which grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate; intermediate which grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary School Certificate; and university programs leading to graduate and advanced degrees. All academic education institutions are the responsibility of the provincial governments. The federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and some financing of research. English medium education is to be extended, on a phased basis, to all schools across the country. Through various educational reforms, by the year 2015, the ministry of education expects to attain 100% enrolment levels amongst primary school aged children, and a literacy rate of 86% amongst people aged over 10. According to the Pakistan Social and Living Standard Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2010-11 and last PSLM 2008-09, the literacy rate for the population (10 years and above) is 58 percent during 2010-11, as compared to 57 percent in 2008-09 . Literacy remains much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and much higher for men than for women. Province wise data suggest that Punjab leads with 60 percent literacy followed by Sindh with 59 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa with 50 percent and Balochistan with 41 percent. The Gross Enrolment Rates at the primary level excluding katchi for the age group 5-9 years at National level during 2010-11 increased slightly to 92 percent from 91 percent in 2008-09. Amongst the provinces, Punjab shows a marginal increase from 97 percent in 2008-09 to 98 percent in 2010-11. Sindh remained stable with 84 percent, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa improved from 87 percent to 89 percent and Balochistan declined slightly from 75 percent to 74 percent in 2010-11. The Net primary level enrolment rates at the National/Provincial level for the age group 5-9 years. The NER at the National level during 2010-11 slightly decreased to 56 percent from 57 percent in 2008-09. Punjab shows a decrease from 62 percent in 2008-09 to 61 percent in 2010-11. Sindh also shows decrease from 54 percent to 53 percent in 2010-2011, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa witnessed a decrease from 52 percent to 51 percent and Balochistan improved from 44 percent in 2008-9 to 47 percent in 2010-11. The overall number of enrolments during 2010-11 were 39900.3 thousands as compared to 38202.0 thousands during the same period last year. This shows an increase of 4.4 percent. It is estimated to increase to 41596.5 thousands during 2011-12. The number of institutes stood at 227.8 thousand during 2010-11 as compared to 228.4 thousand during the same period 2009-10. However, the number is estimated to increase to 228.3 thousand during 2011-12. The number of teachers during 2010-11 were 1409.4 thousand as compared to 1386.1 thousand during the same period 2009-10 showing an increase of 1.7 percent. This number is estimated to increase further to 1445.0 thousand during the year 2011-12. A total of 134,118 youth received vocational and technical training under the Presidents Funni Maharat Programme and Prime Ministers Hunermand Pakistan Programme. HEC is also playing its role in running different scholarship programmes to enhance the academic qualification at various levels on merit basis in line with requirement. During the period 2008-12 a number of 3996 scholarships were awarded under different programmes,3572 scholars proceeded to avail these programmes on merit basis and a number of 1650 scholars completed their studies. 3.6 Rural Society Pakistan is an agriculture country and 80% of its people form the rural population of the country. The villages, towns and small cities form the rural areas of Pakistan. Their main profession is cultivation and ploughing. The entire population of Pakistan is scattered and resides in villages, towns and big cities. They pursue different professions to earn their livelihood. Village is the most important and pivotal centre of rural life of Pakistan. Our villages badly lack in civic amenities. There is no proper system of drainage. The drinking water and electricity are not available in a large number of our villages. There are no hospitals, schools, post offices and markets in most of the villages making the life difficult and unhygienic. The village population, due to the difficult living environs in the villages, keeps on migrating to urban areas where better facilities of social life and brighter chances of earning sustenance are available. However, the Government is very much alive to the problems of rural areas. The Government is making sincere endeavours to improve the conditions of rural areas. Modern facilities of health and communication are being provided in the rural areas. Roads, dispensaries, schools, post offices and shopping centres have been provided at Government level. The facility of drinking water and electricity has been made available to a number of villages. 3.7 Urban Society Urban areas in Pakistan completely differ from rural areas in the life pattern. The urban areas are the centre of social life with greater facilities and amenities of life. The urban population of Pakistan represents about a third of the total. Two cities have a dominating position Karachi and Lahore. Since the 1960s, government policy has been directed towards the dispersal of industry, which had become heavily concentrated in Karachi. As a consequence, urban growth has been more evenly distributed among several cities. Rapid and unplanned urban expansion has been parallel by deterioration in living conditions, particularly in the housing conditions of lower income groups. Many urban households are unable to pay rent for the cheapest form of available housing and live in makeshift shacks. Water supply and sewerage system are inadequate, and in many areas residents have to share communal water taps. Inadequate urban transport is also a major problem. The urban areas, unlike rural areas, are well-planned and well-built with modern residential colonies. The big cities, which form the portion of our urban areas, are the centers of high modern education. A large number of prestigious educational institutions are situated in the big cities which attract the students from all parts of the country. The urban areas have become the centre of social activity because of their multifarious aspects of social life. The industrial progress and the location of Government and other departments in the urban areas have made these areas prosperous and progressing. 3.8 Difference between Rural and Urban Society of Pakistan Function Villages and towns differ in function. Villages are usually engaged in primary activities, including farming, animal keeping, lumbering, fishing etc. Towns are engaged in secondary and tertiary activities, like manufacturing, trade, transport, telecommunications, education, medical treatment and other activities. However, these two sets of activities are not exclusively confined to rural and urban areas. Shops, transportation services, educational and medical facilities are found in rural areas, too. Similarly, there are vegetable fields within Karachi, Lahore and other major cities. It is more a question of the predominance of one set of activities over the other. As a consequence, the line of distinction between a small town and a large village is difficult to determine. Lifestyle Some specialists believe that lifestyle is a distinguishing feature of villages and towns. According to them, close contact with other members of the community is a distinctive feature of rural life. The inhabitants of a village, for example, usually know each other personally. In urban areas, on the other hand, relationships tend to be impersonal; urban areas are so highly populated that most people do not even know who their neighbours are. This is case in large urban centres like Karachi. However, even in places like Karachi, there are pockets in the city where people who belong to the same community or village live. In such areas people know each other and have closer contact with their neighbours. In small towns, which are in reality overgrown villages, most people known one another as well. It is also argued that while village life is traditional, urban life is rational. This is not entirely the case in Pakistan. Most of the urban population in Pakistan has a strong rural background. Although the use of urban facilities changes their way of living, it does not change their way of thinking much. In Pakistan, the lifestyles of the rich and poor differ far more than the lifestyles of city and village dwellers. The objective application of lifestyle as a factor for distinguishing between villages and towns is therefore difficult. Population Another factor used to distinguish between villages and towns is population. Although this criterion is applied in many countries, there is no agreement on size. In Canada, for example, a settlement with a population of more than 1,000 is considered urban, in Japan more than 30,000 and in Pakistan, 5,000. In Pakistan, a settlement can also call itself a town if it has a two committee or cantonment that controls electricity, the water supply and drainage. For example, Ziarat in Balochistan had a population of 619 in 1998, but it was still classified as a town because it had these amenities. However, there are only ten towns with populations of less than 5,000 out of a total 478 urban centres in Pakistan. 3.9 The Status of Women in Pakistan In Pakistan the story of a womans deprivations start even before her birth, where most of the girl fetuses are aborted. The lucky ones who survive are mostly unwanted children. Their life is a journey of subordination. While being very young her parents, grandparents, elder family females, family males, and brothers decide for them on matters ranging from the very thinking to decisions and choices. The most women in Pakistan do not have any choices starting from choice meals to choice males. Before marriages they are under strict watching eyes and are always thought doubtful in character especially when ones are school going, smiling on other males. In this secondary status treatment and doubts their marriages are arranged by the families. After marriage, her husband and her in-laws get hold of her reins and decide matters on her behalf; like shall she or shall she not have a child every year, or whether she would produce only boys, or whether she can seek independent employment and so on. Finally when she becomes old and her husband gets weak or may have gone already, it is her son or sons who decide her fate in the declining years of her life. As if this is not enough, the whole society acts as an oppressor, browbeating her into obedience. Thus, the word woman in Pakistan is synonymous with endurance. She is simply forced to accept certain bare facts of life once she grows up to be a woman. Be it on streets, or for that matter in restaurants, a woman is first and foremost required to be alert. It is best to try and not notice, women are told. According to Hina Jilani, Lawyer and Human Rights Activist, the right to life of women in Pakistan is conditional on their obeying social norms and traditions. In addition to that, women in Pakistan face all kinds of gross violence and abuse at the hands of the male perpetrators, family members, and state agents. Multiple forms of violence include rape, domestic abuse as spousal murder, mutilation, burning and disfiguring faces by acid, beatings, ritual honor-killings, and custodial abuse and torture. According to a report by Amnesty International, several hundred women and girls die each year in so-called honor-killings in Pakistan, in a backdrop to government inaction. She is killed like a bird in family feuds to create evidence of illicit connections and cover them under the garb of grave and sudden provocation to escape severe punishment. The practice of Summary-killing of a woman suspected of an illicit liaison, known as Karo Kari in Sindh and Balochistan, is known to occur in all parts of the country. Karis (the females suspected of illicit relationships), remain dishonored even after death. Their bodies are thrown in rivers or buried in special hidden Kari graveyards. Nobody mourns for them or honors their memory by performing their relevant rights. Karos (the males suspected of illicit relationships), by contrast are reportedly buried in the communal graveyards. The promise made by the countrys Chief Executive in April 2000, that all honor killings would be treated as murders has yet to be converted into anything nearing reality. Women who report rape or sexual harassment encounter a series of obstacles. These include not only the police, who resist filing their claims and misreport their statements but also the medico-legal doctors, who focus more on their virginity status and lack the training and expertise to conduct adequate examinations. Furthermore, women who file charges open themselves up to the possibility of being prosecuted for illicit sex if they fail to prove rape under the 1979 Hudood Ordinance which criminalizes adultery and fornication. As a result, when women victims of violence resort to the judicial system for redress, they are more likely to find further abuse and victimization. As far as domestic violence is concerned, it is the most under-reported crime because it is generally condoned by social customs and considered as a private family matter. Culture Of Pakistan After the independence from Great Britain in 1947, took part of the land of India and created Pakistan as a separate Islamic nation its estimated that approximately 97 percent of population are Muslim but members of several minority religions live there including Hindus, Sikhs, parsi, and Buddhists. Culture of Pakistan is very diverse it stems it stems from the fact that what is now Pakistan has in the past been invaded and occupied by many people like as the white Huns, Persians, Arabs, Turks, Mongols, and various others groups. There are different in culture of Pakistan. Its among the different ethnic groups in matters in their dress food and religion and also pre Islamic customs differ from Islamic practices. Pakistan is the first region of south Asia to receive the full impact of Islam and developed Islamic identity. Pakistan geography is the mixture of south Asia, central Asia and west Asia so the culture of Pakistan is unique then the